Human Resource Management Instrument Of Performance...

Globally, international performance in upper and lower management can be described as a process which allows an international organization or multi-national company to critique and consistently improve the individual and corporate performance in its relation to its pre-set goals and expectations. Performance appraisals are to be considered and designed to be a key human resource management instrument of performance management and can influence the execution of the business strategy within the organization or company. According to (Business Directory, 2016) The process by which a manager or consultant (1) examines and evaluates an employee s work behavior by comparing it with preset standards, (2) documents the results of the comparison, and (3) uses the results to provide feedback to the employee to show where improvements are needed and why. Performance appraisals are employed to determine who needs what training, and who will be promoted, demoted, retained, or fired. International performance appraisal can be regarded as a strategic process that helps to continuously improve global operations through their employees by matching up to certain pre-set objectives. However, we will find that while performance appraisals are important in terms of performance management, they can also often be viewed as problematic. The global manager is and can be generalized and considered as someone who has the capability, the ability and the experience of working for additional countriesShow MoreRelatedPerformance Appraisal Instruments : Performance Management1131 Words   |  5 Pages Performance Appraisal Instruments Performance Management Human Resource Management â€Æ' Performance Appraisal Instruments (Performance Management) An overview According to Zweig (1991), performance appraisal instruments are tools that are used to measure the performance of employees in the workplace. They are used to put employees up against one another or a predetermined standard, and the appraiser is required to give an evaluation. Practical and effective performance appraisal instruments areRead MoreCase Study ‘Technical Instruments Pty Ltd’983 Words   |  4 PagesCase Study ‘Technical Instruments Pty Ltd’ Table of contents 1. Introduction 2. Analyse strategic and operational plans 3. Consult line and senior managers to identify human resources needs 4. Develop options for delivery of human resource services 5. Comply with legislative requirements 6. Develop and agree on strategies 7. Agree and document roles and responsibilities of human resource teams 1. Introduction The purpose of the report is to analyse the currentRead MoreTheory Of Constraint Technique Is The Elimination Of Idle Time1716 Words   |  7 Pages Another Theory of Constraint technique is the elimination of idle time. For whatever reason, idle time is also present in bottleneck resources. For instance, all employees may have a break at the same time leading to no performance during the bottleneck process. Short breaks may have a high opportunity costs since the bottleneck have a constraint effect on the entire plant output. Thus, elimination of such idle time may improve a factory s output. As a TOC technique, scheduling and sequencingRead MoreConcepts Of Broad Banding And Competencies1420 Words   |  6 Pagesbeen suggested that such interviews are actually nothing more than verbal ability tests (Huffcut, Arthur 1994, 188). Entry-level employment interviews with high levels of structure appear to be highly valid predictors of supervisory ratings of job performance (Huffcut, Arthur 1994, 189). The OPM has turned from its lengthy examinations toward a resume-based system (Condrey 2012). The standardized examinations had been designed to ensure merit and competence, but were found to discriminate against protectedRead MoreTalent Management Issues Facing International Organizations1161 Words   |  5 PagesThe variety of talent management issues facing international organizations nowadays is enormously broad. One of the main tasks facing companies all over the world is constructing and supporting a solid talent pipeline. Not only do companies need to regulate to shifting demographics and work force preferences, but they also need to build new abilities and invigorate their organizations — all while struggling with new competitors, investing in new technologies and globalizing their actions. What doRead MoreQuantitative Research : Data Collection1527 Words   |  7 Pagesfor promotion, position and performance being the causes. Employees resigning from jobs in large n umbers could lead to lower productivity and bad organizational reputation in most situations. Conflicts are a critical part of human relationships; many organizations have devised methods to resolve them in a manner that maintains cohesion, economic stability in order to minimize negative outcomes which are certain for employees unless the conflicts between them and management are successfully managed throughRead MorePerformance Appraisal1514 Words   |  7 Pagesare the most important resource in any organisation. As a matter of fact, organisations would not exist without human resources. However, it is important to recognise that people have different abilities and hence their contributions to the success of an organisation vary. In an effort to quantify the contributions made by employees to an organisation, Human resource managers carry out what is referred to as performance appraisal. Different scholars have defined performance appraisal differently.Read MoreA Short Note On Hu man Resource Management1160 Words   |  5 Pagesfirstly consist of a short profile on the term human resource management. Secondly a description of the importance of three human resource functions that are suitable for the above mentioned business in the task scenario. Also taking into account the situation of the business in the task scenario an examination of two appropriate workforce planning methods that can be used in their organisation. Then recount the ways in which the overall performance of the business in the task scenario can be improvedRead MoreThe Position Analysis Of A Worker Oriented Approach For Gathering And Analyzing Job Information1540 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature Review The position analysis questionnaire is the most widely applied job analysis instrument, adapting a worker-oriented approach to gathering and analyzing job information. The purpose of the PAQ is to identify general job characteristics, and is primarily employed by human resource and personnel functions of organizations (Aamodt, 2012). The PAQ is not used by human resource functions for operational purposes, such as wok design or training programs, due to its generalized perspectiveRead MoreThe Strategic Goals Of An Organization1602 Words   |  7 PagesHR practices are the main instrument from which a company can draw on to alter the workforce as well as attempt to modify and reorganise cultural behaviours which can lead to organisational success. The behaviour, attitude and skills of employees must fit the strategic requirements of a company for it to develop a competitive advantage. However, maintaining a focus specifically on the strategic goals of an organisation has been critici sed through some studies which suggest this may be detrimental

Warehousing in Supply Chain Free Essays

WAREHOUSING IN SUPPLY CHAIN Introduction Warehousing is one of the most important and critical logistic activities in industrial and service systems. A few production philosophies, e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Warehousing in Supply Chain or any similar topic only for you Order Now just in time (JIT) and lean manufacturing, propose and support the so-called ‘‘zero stock’’ as basic and strategic pillar. Also manufacturing requirement planning (MRP), the well known and widely adopted ‘‘push-’’ based full? lment technique, theoretically guarantees no storage quantities when the ‘‘lot for lot’’ reorder policy is adopted. Nevertheless, these special production systems do not operate in absence of warehousing systems that support and smooth the discontinuity ? ow of materials, products and components, at the input and at the bottom of a generic production stage. Warehousing activities and storage systems are necessary! This is true in many industrial and not industrial sectors: from automotive to tile industry passing from food industry, health care production systems, service sectors (e. g. banks, universities, hospitals), etc. Obviously, warehousing is the core activity of logistic providers, usually specialized in distribution activities including storage and transportation issues. In special sectors, like the food industry and the health care supply chains, warehousing means storage systems in critical operating conditions, e. g. controlled temperature and/or humidity levels, by the management of fresh and perishable products. The storage systems signi? cantly affect the level of quality of products, the customer’s service level, and the global logistic cost. Just an example: the food industry. Warehousing and transportation issues signi? cantly affect the level of quality of foodstuffs at the consumer’s location, especially when production plants and ? nal points of demand (consumers’ locations) are far away and frequently located in different countries. The mission of warehousing is the same of the discipline ‘‘logistics’’: to effectively ship products in the right place, at the right time, and in the right quantity without any damages or alterations. Important keywords in warehousing and storage systems are: safety, quality, availability, cost saving, customer service level, traceability, picking, automation, ful? llment, travel time, etc. With increased globalization and offshore sourcing, global supply chain management is becoming an important issue for many businesses. Global supply chain management involves a company’s worldwide interests and suppliers rather than simply a local or national orientation. This is the operational arena of warehouses in most complex production systems. THE ROLES OF WAREHOUSE IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN Warehouse play vital roles in the supply chain. The warehouse is not only a facility where a company can store their products, but the warehouse offers inventory management, physical inventory counts and shipping functionality. The warehouse charges their clients for a certain rate for the goods stored, the volume of the warehouse used and the services the client wishes to use. The company using the warehouse does not have to employ warehouse staff, does not require any inventory software or warehouse equipment. The owner of the warehouse is responsible for the costs and passes this on to their clients based on the rate they are charged. The warehousing functionality today is much more than the traditional function of storage. The main function that warehousing serves today are hold raw material at or near the point of induction into a manufacturing or assembly process. The work-in-process warehouses hold partially completed assemblies and products at various points along an assembly or production line. Besides, the finished goods warehouse hold inventory used to balance and buffer the variation between production and schedules and demand. For this purpose, the warehouse is usually located near the point of manufacture and is often characterized by the flow of full pallets in and full pallets out, assuming that product size and volume warrant pallet-sized loads. A warehouse serving only this function may have demands ranging from monthly to quarterly replenishment of stock to the next level of distribution. Edward Frazelle. (2001) claims that distribution warehouses and distribution centers accumulate and consolidate products from various points of manufacture within a single firm, or from several firms, for combined shipment to common customers. Such as warehouse may be located central to either the production locations or the customer base. Product movement may be typified by full pallets or cases or broken case quantities out. The facility is typically responding to regular weekly or monthly orders. Warehouse also receive, pick, and ship small orders for individual consumers. As a fulfillment warehouse and fulfillment centers. The local warehouse, distributed in the field in order to shorten transportation distances to permit rapid response to customer demand. Frequently, single items are picked, and the same item may be shipped to the customer every day. The value –added service warehouse serve as the facility where key product customization activities are executed, including packaging, labeling, marking, pricing and returns processing. According to Edward Frazelle. (2001) the figure below illustrates warehouse performing these functions in a logistics network. Unfortunately, in many of today’s networks, a single item will pass in and out of warehouse serving each of these functions between the point of manufacturer and the customer. When feasible, two or more missions should be combined in the same warehousing operation, and handling steps in the chain should be minimized. Current changes in the availability and cost of transportation options make combining activities in a single location and link skipping possible for many products. In particular, small high-value items with unpredictable demand are frequently shipped worldwide froma single source using overnight delivery services. Figure : the roles of a warehouse in logistics and supply chain management. Cliff Otto (2010) is of the opinion that Cross-docking as manufacturers seek ways to move products more efficiently and cost-effectively, many are ediscovering cross-docking—moving product directly from receiving to shipping with little or no inventory and minimal handling. The process is resurfacing as a way to take costs out of the supply chain, accelerate inventory velocity, and improve service levels. While historically used for durable goods, high turn rates and reduced handling make cross-docking an effective solution for everything from perishable products to high-value/high-security g oods. The process helps get product to market quickly and economically while reducing the need for warehouse space and inventory carry costs. In simple words, warehouses are used by manufacturers,  exporters, wholesalers, retailers,  transport businesses, customs (exporters, Importers), etc. They are usually large plain buildings, equipped with loading docks to load and unload consignment from trucks. Based upon the size of the goods and volume of operation they also often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets. Warehouse is a facility where the supply chain holds or stores goods, until they are needed by the customers. Warehouse can be owned by manufactures, wholesalers, retailers to store the goods. In my opinion, the role of warehousing and storage has changed drastically as customer and vendor compliance issues have come to surface and a greater emphasis has been placed on operations and customer satisfaction. There are more demands and expectations in today’s industry. The management of warehousing operations requires a unique combination of engineering, IT, human resources and supply chain skills. Motorsense offers an integrated warehouse solution that incorporates all the above to give a cost effective solution with the added benefit of stock reworking, returns management, sub-assembly and repackaging. REFERENCES 1. Manzini, Riccardo. (2012) Warehousing in the Global Supply Chain. Bologna: Springer 2. Martin Murray. Public Warehousing In The Supply Chain. About. com Guide 3. Edward Frazelle. (2001) World-Class Warehousing and Material Handling. McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech 4. Radhakrishnan. (2010) Logistics – Warehouse Management (Part I). 5. David K. Ecklund. (2010) Warehousing Efficiency and Effectiveness in the Supply Chain Process. Supply Chain Management Review 6. G Raghuram. Warehousing to Supply Chain Management -Complementary or Supplementary. Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad How to cite Warehousing in Supply Chain, Essay examples

Occupational Performance Implicationsâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Occupational Performance Implications? Answer: Introduction: Based on the given information for the case study, the essay focuses on Stephanie, her family and prevailing disorder autism and epilepsy. Background information: Person Stephanie is eleven years old about to turn twelve soon. At the age of two and half years old, she was diagnosed with Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Presently she is having both autism and epilepsy. These mental disorders have no cure and she will survive with these for life-long. Occupational therapists with interventions will assist her to perform her daily activities, communication and engagement in activities in leisure time. Environment Stephanie is mostly at home accompanied with either of her parents, or in her school for therapy sessions. At home, Stephanie converses with the help of PECS (picture exchange communication system) and has joined a special developmental school. When she is at home, a continuous administration of her activities is required. She pulls all the drawers and cupboards, empty the content out of it as if searching for some treasure. Consequently they have locked all the drawers and refrigerator as well. Occupation She enjoys playing in water and loves to bath, even though a constant supervision is required for both the activities. In addition to playing in water, she loves to walk in her garden. Her mother told about smearing issues of Stephanie, she smears her hands with mud and sometimes soils her hairs. She is fascinated by the reflection of light from the window against the shed walls. Stephanie has a care provider to aid her to join music therapy sessions per week. Comparatively, less support is accessed by her parents; therefore, they are thankful to the care provider for helping their daughter. Stephanie enjoys music; hence she also goes to the supported youth group once each fortnight. Anne and Chris stayed in a rural town surrounded by family and friends. They ran a small business in that town and then, they were blessed with a girl child named Stephanie. When she was diagnosed, her parents were disappointed to know that their local area specialist had insignificant awareness regarding this disorder. The pediatric was so uncomfortable to answer when enquired regarding autism by Chris. Since specialist services and therapies were not available in their hometown for Stephanies disorder, her parents shifted to Melbourne after selling their old house. Her parents decided to get best possible solution for her. In Melbourne, Anne and Chris feel homesick as they miss their family and friends. Both of them desired to have another child but with Stephanies daily needs and care it is time consuming/hectic. Therefore, they dropped their wish for second child so that they can pay complete attention towards Stephanie. It would be hard for them if they had to pay similar attent ion on second child as well. In Stephanies case, she cannot be left unattended as she needs regular supervision for daily activities. Description of health condition: At present Stephanie is eleven years old diagnosed with ASD and epilepsy both. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disability in brain in which patients are reported to have restricted and repetitive behaviour and impaired imaginative play, regression in communication and social interaction (Baio, 2012). It is a spectrum disorder because abilities of children with autism differ significantly from one another. In Epilepsy, patients get recurrent seizures which are not provoked. Epilepsy and ASD are reported to be co-occurrent (Spence and Schneider, 2009; Bolton et al., 2011). The children with ASD and epilepsy are diverse because their disabilities and needs are not similar. Cognitive and behavioural developments are significantly affected by seizures (Van Campen et al., 2016). Available data also suggests that person with ASD and epilepsy demonstrates worse social and behavioural consequences when compared to person with only ASD (Viscidi et al., 2014). Autism symptoms are ex istent in children prior to three years of age, hence, symptoms commence from early childhood. Approximately in 60-75% of children with autism, intellectual disabilities are noticed (Lindgren and Doobay, 2011). Available reports have shown that in children with autism common problems are balance control, coordination, movement and motor preparation. Occupational performance implications The implications of ASD and epilepsy restrict occupational performances such as learning effectively, playing, day-to-day activities, and social involvement. The motor skills are not developed, thus, limiting occupational performances. In children with ASD, sensory processing/modulating disorder, which is a strange response of sensory stimulus, is often observed (Neil et al., 2016; Van Campen et al., 2016). Epileptic children also exhibit altered neural responses to sensory stimulus (Chipaux et al., 2013). There are restrictions to numerous functional behaviour and occupational performances in children with autism due to dysfunction in perceiving stimulus, sensory processing, and impaired communication. Behaviours such aggression, self-injurious behaviour and undirected running have been related to abnormalities in sensory processing (Watling Dietz, 2007). Along with intellectual disabilities in children with autism, they may develop superior skills in music, mathematics or memory. Stephanies performance components: Motor skills In the video it was clear that from the car to the developmental school for therapy, she walks herself alone without any support. In her Canadian Occupational Performance an issue was reported that Stephanie has learnt to unclip her seat belt while travelling in car. Therefore, her fine motor skills need to be channelized in an appropriate manner by the therapist so that she can learn to take care of herself. Similarly, at her home, she walks in the garden and soils herself with mud. Hence, she can be guided to improve her skills and occupational performance. Cognitive skills Stephanie can convey her food desires with the help of PECS. She cannot communicate verbally but with the help of pictures she manages to meet her requirements. She can follow and understand the commands of her therapist at developmental school. Social/behavior skills Stephanie is not fearful in the presence of many people. It was clear from the video that she was enjoying her painting session as commanded by the therapist along with other participants. She even participates in supported youth group once a fortnight which proves that she is not scared of crowd or noise. As a result, Stephanie can be involved into other occupational activities which will eventually improve her occupational performance. Sensory skills Stephanie loves music which is a positive sign of her sensory skills. She responds to stimulus of light as told by her mother, Stephanie is fascinated by the reflection on shaded walls. She is receptive to external stimulus because while she is walking towards her school on the pavement or way she stops to view her environment. From the video it was clear that she gets engaged in the environment she stays or walks by. Thus, PEO model provides guidelines to analyze occupational performance problems of Stephanie and to plan interventions and interaction with her and family. Additionally, the application of PEO model also delivers a way to study physical, cultural, institutional, socioeconomic environmental factors that influence day-to-day life practices (Dunbar, 2007). Possible assessments: In occupation therapy, assessment of children with autism is vital for developing a plan and enforcing an efficient intervention. The bonding between children and family is unique and communications offer an understanding into childs abilities, occupational interests and requirements. The probable assessment by the occupational therapist (OT) for Stephanie will be based on emphasizing the reasons behind restrictions of her occupational performances. Focus will be on recognizing her priorities and desired activities. Friendly interaction and bonding with Stephanie is of utmost importance so as to observe her closely which will further help to evaluate her condition. Observation is the most imperative and primary tool to actually examine her performances in numerous daily activities. The development of occupational performance of children has to be understood by their routine works and habits (Vaughn, 2011). The best and comfortable place for assessment will be Stephanies familiar envi ronment either home or school. Information on her daily activities and habits has to be collected from family and other therapists in contact with Stephanie. From the occupational performances, the observed data will be analysed and evaluated to decide on the possible interventions. After completion of appraisal, the OT and family can select the best promising strategy of action centred on the present and future prospects. Accurate procedures to evaluate occupational performances of daily activities by using Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (Bumin et al., 2015). Her developmental parameters have to be assessed. Sensory profile has to be measured in case of Stephanie. Motor skill assessment has to be carried out. The occupational therapist then determines the performance skills such as methods used for communication, process skills such as attention, and motor skills such as mobility or position (Yalon-Chamowitz et al., 2010). Possible interventaion 1- For Stephanie, she has to be taught to self-care by not smearing which she usually does. She has to be taught to bath on her own. She has to learn to take her food on her won and finish her meals properly. The chief target of occupational therapist is to make sure that children with autism are able to reduce complications in performing day-to-day life activities which they generally face at school or home. 2- Next intervention for Stephanie will be to engage her in new playful activities at home, which will also include social interaction, sharing and taking turns. So that she can develop her motor skills by getting engaged in numerous activities. Most essential intervention is to teach her or improve her communication, so that she can easily understand and let others know what she needs. Behaviour management has also to be taught, therefore Stephanie can learn to sit and wait. Family centered issues. 1- In eleven years, Stephanies parents could not leave her alone for a moment, not even at night because her habit is she strips herself naked. So she needs complete supervision. At night also her parents have to stay with her to supervise her. 2- Stephanies parents could not go on a date since these many years. Only when Stephanie goes out for music once a fortnight, they can relax that time. 3-Their social life, partying or travelling along with friends or going to visit family has not been possible due to Stephanies condition. Conclusion: A characteristic of autism is delayed speech or language communication. There are many behavioural interventions to enhance speech in children but it is noted that most of children diagnosed with autism stay speechless. The children are taught to express their desire by using picture exchange communication system, such as they can show a picture of banana and convey they want to eat it or other such activities with the help of pictures. The occupational therapists train children with PECS along with play and different meaningful activities. Hence, occupational therapy emphasizes an insight on the active relationship among people, their work and surrounding environment with the help of a model Person-Environment-Occupation. Therapists practice this model to analyse occupational performance issues in children in a systematic manner during their study of complex human experience and behaviour patterns. The OTs explicitly converse their practices and its impact on patient with family mem bers. The PEO model is presented as a device used by therapist to ensure patient-centric interventions by improving participation of patients in significant occupations in their selected environments. References Bagby, M. S., Dickie, V. A., Baranek, G. T. (2012). How Sensory Experiences of Children With and Without Autism Affect Family Occupations. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(1), 7886. Baio, J. (2012). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders - autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 61(3):119. Bolton, P.F., Carcani-Rathwell, I., Hutton, J., Goode, S., Howlin, P., Rutter, M. (2011). Epilepsy in autism: features and correlates. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 198, 289-294. Bumin, G., Huri, M., Salar, S., Kahiyan, S. (2015). Occupational therapy in Autism. In: Autism spectrum disorder Recent advances. Fitzgerald Michael (Eds). Chapter -9, 161-203 pp. Croatia European Union: Intech Open. Case-Smith, J., Weaver, L.L., Fristad, M.A. (2014). A systematic review of sensory processing interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders. Autism, 19, 1333-1348 Chipaux, M., Vercueil, L., Kaminska, A., Mahon, S., Charpier, S. (2013). Persistence of cortical sensory processing during absence seizures in human and an animal model: evidence from EEG and intracellular recordings. PLoS One, 8, e58180. Dunbar, S.B. (2007). Occupational therapy models for intervention with children and families. USA: SLACK Incorporated. Eyssen, I.C.J.M., Steultjens, M.P.M., Oud, T.A.M., Bolt, M., Maasdam, A., Dekker, J. (2011). Responsiveness of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure. Journal of Rehabilitation Research and Development, 48(5), 517-528. Lindgren, S., Doobay, A. (2011). Evidence-based interventions for autism spectrum disorders. Retrieved from: https://www.interventionsunlimited.com/editoruploads/files/Iowa%20DHS%20Autism%20Interventions%206-10-11.pdf Neil, L., Olsson, N. C., Pellicano, E. (2016). The Relationship Between Intolerance of Uncertainty, Sensory Sensitivities, and Anxiety in Autistic and Typically Developing Children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 1962-1973. Spence, S.J., Schneider, M.T. (2009). The role of epilepsy and epileptiform EEGs in autism spectrum disorders. Pediatric Research, 65(6), 599-606. Watling, R.L., Dietz, J. (2007). Immediate effect of Ayress sensory integrationbased occupational therapy intervention on children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 6, 1574-1583. Van Campen, J. S., Jansen, F. E., Kleinrensink, N. J., Jols, M., Braun, K. P., Bruining, H. (2015). Sensory modulation disorders in childhood epilepsy. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders, 7, 34. Vaughn, R.L. (2011). Occupations and quality of life of families with children with ASD: a survey. Online Retrieved from: https://encompass.eku.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1025context=etd Viscidi, E. W., Johnson, A. L., Spence, S. J., Buka, S. L., Morrow, E. M., Triche, E. W. (2014). The association between epilepsy and autism symptoms and maladaptive behaviors in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism?: The International Journal of Research and Practice, 18(8), 9961006. Yalon-Chamowitz, S., Selanikyo, E., Artzi, N., Prigal, Y., Fishman, R. (2010). Occupational therapy and intellectual developmental disability throughout the life cycle. Retrieved from: https://www.health.gov.il/UnitsOffice/HD/MHealth/Occupational_Therapy/Documents/OT_%20Intellectual_IJOT_EN.pd

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is Essays (3818 words) - Terrorism

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is one of the main concerns in the recent world. September 11/2001 attack in the twin tower of USA, bombing in Madrid and London bombing has raised a serious concern in this matter. Different government all over the world is trying to tackle this problem enacting different stringent laws and taking other steps. Indian society is attacked by this terrorism warm from the very beginning and immediate after independence, for example Kashmir, Mumbai bomb blasts, North East states, Punjab in 1980s and recently Mumbai attack. [1] There are different issues which come with the question of terrorism. The first question related to the definition of terrorism. In the international level there was a long effort to find a universally accepted definition of terrorism. The reason is that one person or states terrorist is freedom fighter to another state or individual. It has also faced opposition because most of this definition talks about th e action of the non-state actors and did not address the violence and torture done by the government agencies. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly has given a definition of terrorism which is the first in an international treaty. [2]This says: " Any other act intended to cause death and serious bodily injury to a civilian and any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a Government and international organization to do and abstain from doing any act. " There is two fold meaning in the context of terrorism and human right. In the first meaning the state is obliged to make regulation to prevent and combat terrorism on the ground to protect the individual right to life, liberty and security. The second thing is in the process of combating and preventing terrorism state should take care of the human right. [3] For the infringement of the latter the sate will be responsible under the international human right law and treaties in which it is a party. The European Court of Human Right and other international Human Right instrument has recognized that state has not only negative obligation to refrain from interfering into the rights of the people within its jurisdiction but also positive obligation to protect the people from the infringement of their human right by non state actors. [4] In this paper varies international instrument which talks about the protection of human right while combating terrorism will be discussed. Then subsequently some Indian anti -terrorism laws will be reviewed from the prospective of human right protection and the role of judiciary in the protection of human right while battling against terrorism. Chapter 1: International Institutions in the matter of Terrorism and Human Right Issu e : There are 13 international convention related to terrorism has been adopted under the supervision of United Nation. [5] After the attack of 11 September 2001 the international instruments, international political picture have changed a lot with relation to terrorism. United States of America declared " War on Terror " .[6] United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: The General Assembly resolutions related to terrorism are mainly G.A. Res.56/160, G.A. Res. 58/187, G.A. Res. 59/191, G.A. Res. 59/195, and G.A. Res. 57/219. All these resolution mainly focused on both non derogability of human rights and states responsibility to comply with it. The G.A. Res.56/160 says that the state should take all necessary and effective measures, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law, including international human rights standards, to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism. . . and. . . strengthen, where appropriate, their legislation to combat terrorism. [7] G.A. Res. 57/219 says that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights.[8] G.A. Res. 58/187 argues that some human rights are non-derogable and emphasized that States must ensure that any measure taken to fight against terrorism take care of their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law.[9] The remaining two resolutions also

Functions of Management at Arthur Andersen

Functions of Management at Arthur Andersen Free Online Research Papers Arthur Andersen was founded in 1913 in Chicago, Illinois and was seen as one of thee top accounting firms in the country with over 20,000 employees in the United States alone. Over the years times change and so does revenue, Arthur Andersen (the man himself) had high standards as to the practice of accounting, but his practice after his death in 1947 did not, resulting in many ethic and legal violations. WorldCom, Waste Management, and Enron are some of Arthur Andersen’s clients that have caused this once great accounting firm to almost non-existence. We will investigate Arthur Anderson’s legal, ethic, and social responsibility towards strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning to show how it has affected the company today. Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP once was recognized as one of the top accounting and auditing firms in the nation. Andersen had a broad range of clients from different industries and countries across the world, until legal and ethic violations ended the organizations reign in 2002 with the collapse of the Enron Corporation. Even before Enron there was speculation of wrongdoing with WorldCom as too the auditing practices of Arthur Andersen. Management planning at Arthur Andersen was known for making sound decisions with partners and alliances, until the late 1990’s where greed and illegal auditing practices took over. Due to ethic, legal, and social responsibility companies like WorldCom and Arthur Andersen collapsed and changes were made to protect the public from further illegal operations. Functions of management According to Niece, Trompeter (2004) all Andersen employees were trained in the same methods and each office followed firm policies established by the central management in the office of the chairman. Partnerships were the firms top management, Andersen had 50% share and was president, then his partner Leonard Spacek was vice president, over the years the firm would have more partners and employees. From there the firm introduced a committee to oversee rules and regulations called committee on accounting principles and auditing procedures (CAPAP). Like any big service industry company, management wanted to branch out in different areas such as consulting and management, with these new functions brought on divisions, not only in the States but in other countries as well. This would make Arthur Andersen the biggest accounting firm in the World. As Arthur Andersen grew so did greed from within the company, and alliances and divisions were split. This caused more competition and increase d greed among management of the firms resulting in legal and ethic violations at Arthur Andersen. Legal Issues Legal issues were never an issue in the early days of Arthur Andersen, when the organization was smaller and more structured. In 1996 Waste Management came to light in both legal and ethic violations as the SEC found Andersen reckless in their auditing practices. This led to charging large fees and making Waste Management look better on paper than originally thought without even receiving the correct financials. In the years 2000-2002 Arthur Andersen was caught in the middle of another scandal that rocked the economy: WorldCom was in the midst of the same illegal mischief as Waste Management but to a deeper extent and right in the center of this mess was Arthur Andersen. The Auditing firm for both Waste Management and WorldCom was in back to back battles with forging documents and fraud, but seemingly only received fines and a closer eye from the SEC and the federal government. David Duncan President of Enron was accused of shredding documents along with Arthur Andersen was the final and last straw for the firm, and in 2002 was brought up on federal charges of fraud, but in the end all the Andersen firm got was obstructing justice and lost their license to conduct audits even though they were never convicted or charged with bad audits. Ethics Arthur Andersen was an organization that was committed to honesty, integerty, independence, high legal and ethical standards, and dedication to the public; and now in 2008 the company is nothing more than a shadow of it’s former self. Ethics was important to Arthur Andersen who donated more than $5 million dollars to universities for awareness of ethical issues pertaining to business. Ethics was the backbone of the form that Arthur Andersen started in 1913, and due to the greed of cooperate officers and its partners has seen the last of this once proud and respected firm. Accounting and auditing practices have long held high standards of ethics, and due to the disasters of these organizations certain laws have been passed to bring confidence back to the public of financial institutions, the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 is one that requires the rotation of lead auditors within in a firm to conduct audits. According to Orin (2008) the Sarbanes-Oxley act should be expanded to requ ire audit-firm rotation. This would bring independence back and restore public trust. Social Responsibility In order to take social and corporate responsibility, a organization must admit guilt. Arthur Andersen never really admitted any wrong doing in none of their cases in court, but did pay fines and reimburse shareholders for their loss. Is this all Arthur Andersen can do is pay fines and costs and not serve any other sanctions? Arthur Andersen’s social responsibility was to admit guilt and surrender its licenses to practice accounting, which it never did and to this day still, has operations in Chicago. With little or no customers the damage was done to this century old firm, and Arthur Andersen now holds the burden of social responsibility with no business. Factors of Planning Illegal and ethic violations: One factor that effects strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning is illegal and ethic violations, once these allegations are made the company needs to revisit strategies and come up with a plan to fight these allegations. The second phase would be tactical, what tactics are going to be used and how to implement them, this changes in how you operate not 100%, but as you could see if found guilty of any wrongdoing, your operations have been altered and need to be restructured. No company can plan for a disaster has the one that faced Arthur Andersen, but contingency plans were in place as to a legal council to brief and research certain violations pertaining to accounting. Cultural factors: Cultural factors can play a part in all phases of planning especially with international companies like Arthur Andersen. In the early 1940’s the firm wanted to improve relations with consumers and businesses overseas, this needed to be done by changing all plans in order to gain the confidence and respect of different cultures. Arthur Andersen did what all organizations do that succeed internationally, that is changes the plans of the organization. Economic factors: Economic factors can be the most important factor to changing all of an organizations planning. Whether the world is in a good market or bad, plans need to be changed when this happens. Another factor the economy plays is greed and Arthur Andersen’s demise was greed, this brought down the organization where no planning could save the firm, not even the contingency plan the firm had in place. Other organizations such as Chrysler has felt this economic crunch and has had too restructure the company from top to bottom in order to survive, at least for now. Conclusion Arthur Andersen was a top 5 accounting firm and due to poor management and greed the organization failed. Arthur Andersen basically created the standards of ethics for accounting and now it turned it back on the accounting practice, the public, and trust of companies to gain a profit and rise above the competition. When dealing with illegal activity and ethic violations the law and the public will always come out on top and the members of Arthur Andersen have forgotten all of the issues, ethics and responsibilities that made the firm a top 5 accounting institution. Since 1913 all of the planning and resources that the man Arthur Andersen had laid out is gone as quick as a Chicago wind. Many accounting firms have suffered in the wake of poor public perception and some have gained from the loss of Arthur Andersen. I wonder which company will be next in the news due to poor management planning and scandal. References Niece, J., Trompeter, G. (2004, Summer 2004). The Demise of Arthur Andersen’s One-Firm Concept: A Case Study in Corporate Governance. Business Society review,109 (2), 183-207. Retrieved December 15, 2008 from EBSCOhost. Orin, R. (2008, Winter2008). Ethical Guidance and Constraint Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 23(1), 141-171. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from EBSCOhost. 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The Correct Use of Jamais in French

The Correct Use of Jamais in French Many people who have learned French know that its a language with many tricky spellings. When writing in French, jamais  is one word that can be easily confused with another. So, first things first: always watch your spelling with this one! Jaimais,  when spelled with the added i, means I loved, or I was loving/liking/enjoying and comes from  the verb aimer. Whereas the word being discussed here, jamais, means never. Jamais is confusing because it takes the place of the pas in a negation. But on top of this, it can also translate as ever or never in English, which are two quite different notions. When does the French adverb jamais mean ever, and when does it mean never? The short answer is that it depends on the context and construction of the sentence.   Ne ... Jamais Means Never In a negative construction, jamais means never. For example, in the sentence: Je ne ferais jamais à §a.I would never do that. Jamais is one of the few words that can replace the pas part of the negative in a negation sentence. Some of the others are aucun, personne and  rien which are  French negative pronouns. Jamais  doesnt necessarily need to be placed directly after the verb. For emphasis, you can start your sentence with it as well as shown in the example below: Jamais je nai vu quelque chose daussi beau.I have never seen anything as beautiful. Note that in spoken modern French, the ne part of the negation often glides, or even totally disappears. So you need to train your ear to focus on the second part of the negation rather than relying on the first, the ne. Je nai jamais dit à §a sounds like: Jnay jamay di sa or even jay jamay di sa, but both pronunciations mean the same thing.   Jamais on Its Own Means Ever When used by itself without a negative, jamais means ever. We always use it in a question which is a very formal use of the word, or with si, in the expression si jamais meaning if ever. An example of the formal use of jamais in this context would be: Es-tu jamais allà © Paris?Have you ever been to Paris?Today, its more common to use dà ©j meaning already.Es-tu dà ©j allà © Paris? Si jamais tu vas Paris, tà ©là ©phone-moi.If you ever go to Paris, call me. If modern spoken French frequently drops the ne, how do you know if its ever or never? As mentioned earlier, you have to take into consideration the context of the sentence.   Finally, jamais is part of many expressions, all having to do with ever and never. French Expressions with Jamais Tu es plus belle que jamais mon amour. You are as beautiful as ever my love.Maintenant, ils seront ensemble jamais. Now, they will be together for ever.Je laime tout jamais. I love him forever and ever.Cest maintenant ou jamais. Its now or never.  Je nai jamais rien dit. I have never told anything. When reviewing different types of  French negative construction you will see there is more to negation than just ne and pas.

Why Fast Foods Can Be Bad For Your Health Research Paper

Why Fast Foods Can Be Bad For Your Health - Research Paper Example Another issue with fast food is that it is easily available and can be much easier than trying to cook or provide a more nutritious meal for your family – meaning that people often each much more fast food than they should (French et al, 2004). This type of problem has led fast food to become a victim of much controversy in the media as well as getting many analyses in the scientific literature that has led it to become a dangerous topic. The purpose of this essay is to explore the literature on fast foods and examine why it can be bad for your health, as well as completing a discussion and analysis of the research available. It will become evident that there are many reasons why fast food can be bad for your health, and these claims are backed up by evidence that supports this claim. The term fast food was popularized in the United States in the middle part of this century. The term is used to refer to any food that can be prepared and sold extremely quickly, making it easy t o access and available to many. The fact that many fast food restaurants do not have typical waiting staff (preferring to rely on a collection or takeaway method) means that it can be even quicker and sold at an extremely low price. All of these have led to the popularization of fast food across the Western world, with many chains having outlets in many countries. There are many different types of fast food, although the most popular types include hamburgers, fries, pizza and other foods which are high in fat and many contain a high level of additives and addictive substances (French et al, 2004). One of the main reasons that fast food is considered to be so dangerous is that it is linked to the main health problem in the United States – obesity (French et al, 2004). Because fast food is so easy to obtain and can be bought for relatively low prices, those who are on low incomes or who work long hours are more susceptible to obesity (Block, Scribner & DeSalvo, 2004). Additiona lly, Jeffery & French (1998) have shown that there is a strong association between eating fast food and watching television, and together these two activities are strongly linked to obesity – particularly because they reduce activity levels in many people. Kwate, Yau, Loh & Williams (2009) also did a study considering whether the high availability of fast food makes it bad for your health. The study found that those who lived in areas with a high density of fast food chains were more likely to be obese and have related health problems. The reasons for this were multiple. For one, those who merely had to order food to get it delivered were likely to do less exercise to get to their food. Secondly, the content of the food was much higher in fat than meals that had been prepared in the home, leading to weight gain. As we will see, weight gain can lead to health problems such as type II diabetes. Pereira et al (2005) did a study examining the links between fast food habits, weigh t gain and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is important because it is an early indicator of type II diabetes, and therefore any sign of increased insulin resistance can be considered a health risk. There was found to be a strong link between fast food eating and a resistance to insulin, particularly because many of the foods have a high level of sugar and carbohydrates. This is what makes the foods more appealing and taste nice, but consuming sugar in high levels can lead to obesity and type II diabetes in later life. In this sense, eating a lot of fast foods is definitely bad for your health. Another major concern with fast food is that they contain some additives, not all of which have been fully tested