Terrorism The issue of terrorism is Essays (3818 words) - Terrorism

Terrorism The issue of terrorism is one of the main concerns in the recent world. September 11/2001 attack in the twin tower of USA, bombing in Madrid and London bombing has raised a serious concern in this matter. Different government all over the world is trying to tackle this problem enacting different stringent laws and taking other steps. Indian society is attacked by this terrorism warm from the very beginning and immediate after independence, for example Kashmir, Mumbai bomb blasts, North East states, Punjab in 1980s and recently Mumbai attack. [1] There are different issues which come with the question of terrorism. The first question related to the definition of terrorism. In the international level there was a long effort to find a universally accepted definition of terrorism. The reason is that one person or states terrorist is freedom fighter to another state or individual. It has also faced opposition because most of this definition talks about th e action of the non-state actors and did not address the violence and torture done by the government agencies. International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism adopted in 1999 by the General Assembly has given a definition of terrorism which is the first in an international treaty. [2]This says: " Any other act intended to cause death and serious bodily injury to a civilian and any other person not taking an active part in the hostilities in a situation of armed conflict, when the purpose of such act, by its nature or context, is to intimidate a population, or to compel a Government and international organization to do and abstain from doing any act. " There is two fold meaning in the context of terrorism and human right. In the first meaning the state is obliged to make regulation to prevent and combat terrorism on the ground to protect the individual right to life, liberty and security. The second thing is in the process of combating and preventing terrorism state should take care of the human right. [3] For the infringement of the latter the sate will be responsible under the international human right law and treaties in which it is a party. The European Court of Human Right and other international Human Right instrument has recognized that state has not only negative obligation to refrain from interfering into the rights of the people within its jurisdiction but also positive obligation to protect the people from the infringement of their human right by non state actors. [4] In this paper varies international instrument which talks about the protection of human right while combating terrorism will be discussed. Then subsequently some Indian anti -terrorism laws will be reviewed from the prospective of human right protection and the role of judiciary in the protection of human right while battling against terrorism. Chapter 1: International Institutions in the matter of Terrorism and Human Right Issu e : There are 13 international convention related to terrorism has been adopted under the supervision of United Nation. [5] After the attack of 11 September 2001 the international instruments, international political picture have changed a lot with relation to terrorism. United States of America declared " War on Terror " .[6] United Nations General Assembly Resolutions: The General Assembly resolutions related to terrorism are mainly G.A. Res.56/160, G.A. Res. 58/187, G.A. Res. 59/191, G.A. Res. 59/195, and G.A. Res. 57/219. All these resolution mainly focused on both non derogability of human rights and states responsibility to comply with it. The G.A. Res.56/160 says that the state should take all necessary and effective measures, in accordance with relevant provisions of international law, including international human rights standards, to prevent, combat and eliminate terrorism. . . and. . . strengthen, where appropriate, their legislation to combat terrorism. [7] G.A. Res. 57/219 says that States must ensure that any measure taken to combat terrorism complies with their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights.[8] G.A. Res. 58/187 argues that some human rights are non-derogable and emphasized that States must ensure that any measure taken to fight against terrorism take care of their obligations under international law, in particular international human rights, refugee and humanitarian law.[9] The remaining two resolutions also

Functions of Management at Arthur Andersen

Functions of Management at Arthur Andersen Free Online Research Papers Arthur Andersen was founded in 1913 in Chicago, Illinois and was seen as one of thee top accounting firms in the country with over 20,000 employees in the United States alone. Over the years times change and so does revenue, Arthur Andersen (the man himself) had high standards as to the practice of accounting, but his practice after his death in 1947 did not, resulting in many ethic and legal violations. WorldCom, Waste Management, and Enron are some of Arthur Andersen’s clients that have caused this once great accounting firm to almost non-existence. We will investigate Arthur Anderson’s legal, ethic, and social responsibility towards strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning to show how it has affected the company today. Introduction Arthur Andersen LLP once was recognized as one of the top accounting and auditing firms in the nation. Andersen had a broad range of clients from different industries and countries across the world, until legal and ethic violations ended the organizations reign in 2002 with the collapse of the Enron Corporation. Even before Enron there was speculation of wrongdoing with WorldCom as too the auditing practices of Arthur Andersen. Management planning at Arthur Andersen was known for making sound decisions with partners and alliances, until the late 1990’s where greed and illegal auditing practices took over. Due to ethic, legal, and social responsibility companies like WorldCom and Arthur Andersen collapsed and changes were made to protect the public from further illegal operations. Functions of management According to Niece, Trompeter (2004) all Andersen employees were trained in the same methods and each office followed firm policies established by the central management in the office of the chairman. Partnerships were the firms top management, Andersen had 50% share and was president, then his partner Leonard Spacek was vice president, over the years the firm would have more partners and employees. From there the firm introduced a committee to oversee rules and regulations called committee on accounting principles and auditing procedures (CAPAP). Like any big service industry company, management wanted to branch out in different areas such as consulting and management, with these new functions brought on divisions, not only in the States but in other countries as well. This would make Arthur Andersen the biggest accounting firm in the World. As Arthur Andersen grew so did greed from within the company, and alliances and divisions were split. This caused more competition and increase d greed among management of the firms resulting in legal and ethic violations at Arthur Andersen. Legal Issues Legal issues were never an issue in the early days of Arthur Andersen, when the organization was smaller and more structured. In 1996 Waste Management came to light in both legal and ethic violations as the SEC found Andersen reckless in their auditing practices. This led to charging large fees and making Waste Management look better on paper than originally thought without even receiving the correct financials. In the years 2000-2002 Arthur Andersen was caught in the middle of another scandal that rocked the economy: WorldCom was in the midst of the same illegal mischief as Waste Management but to a deeper extent and right in the center of this mess was Arthur Andersen. The Auditing firm for both Waste Management and WorldCom was in back to back battles with forging documents and fraud, but seemingly only received fines and a closer eye from the SEC and the federal government. David Duncan President of Enron was accused of shredding documents along with Arthur Andersen was the final and last straw for the firm, and in 2002 was brought up on federal charges of fraud, but in the end all the Andersen firm got was obstructing justice and lost their license to conduct audits even though they were never convicted or charged with bad audits. Ethics Arthur Andersen was an organization that was committed to honesty, integerty, independence, high legal and ethical standards, and dedication to the public; and now in 2008 the company is nothing more than a shadow of it’s former self. Ethics was important to Arthur Andersen who donated more than $5 million dollars to universities for awareness of ethical issues pertaining to business. Ethics was the backbone of the form that Arthur Andersen started in 1913, and due to the greed of cooperate officers and its partners has seen the last of this once proud and respected firm. Accounting and auditing practices have long held high standards of ethics, and due to the disasters of these organizations certain laws have been passed to bring confidence back to the public of financial institutions, the Sarbanes-Oxley act of 2002 is one that requires the rotation of lead auditors within in a firm to conduct audits. According to Orin (2008) the Sarbanes-Oxley act should be expanded to requ ire audit-firm rotation. This would bring independence back and restore public trust. Social Responsibility In order to take social and corporate responsibility, a organization must admit guilt. Arthur Andersen never really admitted any wrong doing in none of their cases in court, but did pay fines and reimburse shareholders for their loss. Is this all Arthur Andersen can do is pay fines and costs and not serve any other sanctions? Arthur Andersen’s social responsibility was to admit guilt and surrender its licenses to practice accounting, which it never did and to this day still, has operations in Chicago. With little or no customers the damage was done to this century old firm, and Arthur Andersen now holds the burden of social responsibility with no business. Factors of Planning Illegal and ethic violations: One factor that effects strategic, tactical, operational, and contingency planning is illegal and ethic violations, once these allegations are made the company needs to revisit strategies and come up with a plan to fight these allegations. The second phase would be tactical, what tactics are going to be used and how to implement them, this changes in how you operate not 100%, but as you could see if found guilty of any wrongdoing, your operations have been altered and need to be restructured. No company can plan for a disaster has the one that faced Arthur Andersen, but contingency plans were in place as to a legal council to brief and research certain violations pertaining to accounting. Cultural factors: Cultural factors can play a part in all phases of planning especially with international companies like Arthur Andersen. In the early 1940’s the firm wanted to improve relations with consumers and businesses overseas, this needed to be done by changing all plans in order to gain the confidence and respect of different cultures. Arthur Andersen did what all organizations do that succeed internationally, that is changes the plans of the organization. Economic factors: Economic factors can be the most important factor to changing all of an organizations planning. Whether the world is in a good market or bad, plans need to be changed when this happens. Another factor the economy plays is greed and Arthur Andersen’s demise was greed, this brought down the organization where no planning could save the firm, not even the contingency plan the firm had in place. Other organizations such as Chrysler has felt this economic crunch and has had too restructure the company from top to bottom in order to survive, at least for now. Conclusion Arthur Andersen was a top 5 accounting firm and due to poor management and greed the organization failed. Arthur Andersen basically created the standards of ethics for accounting and now it turned it back on the accounting practice, the public, and trust of companies to gain a profit and rise above the competition. When dealing with illegal activity and ethic violations the law and the public will always come out on top and the members of Arthur Andersen have forgotten all of the issues, ethics and responsibilities that made the firm a top 5 accounting institution. Since 1913 all of the planning and resources that the man Arthur Andersen had laid out is gone as quick as a Chicago wind. Many accounting firms have suffered in the wake of poor public perception and some have gained from the loss of Arthur Andersen. I wonder which company will be next in the news due to poor management planning and scandal. References Niece, J., Trompeter, G. (2004, Summer 2004). The Demise of Arthur Andersen’s One-Firm Concept: A Case Study in Corporate Governance. Business Society review,109 (2), 183-207. Retrieved December 15, 2008 from EBSCOhost. Orin, R. (2008, Winter2008). Ethical Guidance and Constraint Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance, 23(1), 141-171. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from EBSCOhost. Research Papers on Functions of Management at Arthur AndersenThe Project Managment Office SystemNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceDefinition of Export QuotasAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe

The Correct Use of Jamais in French

The Correct Use of Jamais in French Many people who have learned French know that its a language with many tricky spellings. When writing in French, jamais  is one word that can be easily confused with another. So, first things first: always watch your spelling with this one! Jaimais,  when spelled with the added i, means I loved, or I was loving/liking/enjoying and comes from  the verb aimer. Whereas the word being discussed here, jamais, means never. Jamais is confusing because it takes the place of the pas in a negation. But on top of this, it can also translate as ever or never in English, which are two quite different notions. When does the French adverb jamais mean ever, and when does it mean never? The short answer is that it depends on the context and construction of the sentence.   Ne ... Jamais Means Never In a negative construction, jamais means never. For example, in the sentence: Je ne ferais jamais à §a.I would never do that. Jamais is one of the few words that can replace the pas part of the negative in a negation sentence. Some of the others are aucun, personne and  rien which are  French negative pronouns. Jamais  doesnt necessarily need to be placed directly after the verb. For emphasis, you can start your sentence with it as well as shown in the example below: Jamais je nai vu quelque chose daussi beau.I have never seen anything as beautiful. Note that in spoken modern French, the ne part of the negation often glides, or even totally disappears. So you need to train your ear to focus on the second part of the negation rather than relying on the first, the ne. Je nai jamais dit à §a sounds like: Jnay jamay di sa or even jay jamay di sa, but both pronunciations mean the same thing.   Jamais on Its Own Means Ever When used by itself without a negative, jamais means ever. We always use it in a question which is a very formal use of the word, or with si, in the expression si jamais meaning if ever. An example of the formal use of jamais in this context would be: Es-tu jamais allà © Paris?Have you ever been to Paris?Today, its more common to use dà ©j meaning already.Es-tu dà ©j allà © Paris? Si jamais tu vas Paris, tà ©là ©phone-moi.If you ever go to Paris, call me. If modern spoken French frequently drops the ne, how do you know if its ever or never? As mentioned earlier, you have to take into consideration the context of the sentence.   Finally, jamais is part of many expressions, all having to do with ever and never. French Expressions with Jamais Tu es plus belle que jamais mon amour. You are as beautiful as ever my love.Maintenant, ils seront ensemble jamais. Now, they will be together for ever.Je laime tout jamais. I love him forever and ever.Cest maintenant ou jamais. Its now or never.  Je nai jamais rien dit. I have never told anything. When reviewing different types of  French negative construction you will see there is more to negation than just ne and pas.

Why Fast Foods Can Be Bad For Your Health Research Paper

Why Fast Foods Can Be Bad For Your Health - Research Paper Example Another issue with fast food is that it is easily available and can be much easier than trying to cook or provide a more nutritious meal for your family – meaning that people often each much more fast food than they should (French et al, 2004). This type of problem has led fast food to become a victim of much controversy in the media as well as getting many analyses in the scientific literature that has led it to become a dangerous topic. The purpose of this essay is to explore the literature on fast foods and examine why it can be bad for your health, as well as completing a discussion and analysis of the research available. It will become evident that there are many reasons why fast food can be bad for your health, and these claims are backed up by evidence that supports this claim. The term fast food was popularized in the United States in the middle part of this century. The term is used to refer to any food that can be prepared and sold extremely quickly, making it easy t o access and available to many. The fact that many fast food restaurants do not have typical waiting staff (preferring to rely on a collection or takeaway method) means that it can be even quicker and sold at an extremely low price. All of these have led to the popularization of fast food across the Western world, with many chains having outlets in many countries. There are many different types of fast food, although the most popular types include hamburgers, fries, pizza and other foods which are high in fat and many contain a high level of additives and addictive substances (French et al, 2004). One of the main reasons that fast food is considered to be so dangerous is that it is linked to the main health problem in the United States – obesity (French et al, 2004). Because fast food is so easy to obtain and can be bought for relatively low prices, those who are on low incomes or who work long hours are more susceptible to obesity (Block, Scribner & DeSalvo, 2004). Additiona lly, Jeffery & French (1998) have shown that there is a strong association between eating fast food and watching television, and together these two activities are strongly linked to obesity – particularly because they reduce activity levels in many people. Kwate, Yau, Loh & Williams (2009) also did a study considering whether the high availability of fast food makes it bad for your health. The study found that those who lived in areas with a high density of fast food chains were more likely to be obese and have related health problems. The reasons for this were multiple. For one, those who merely had to order food to get it delivered were likely to do less exercise to get to their food. Secondly, the content of the food was much higher in fat than meals that had been prepared in the home, leading to weight gain. As we will see, weight gain can lead to health problems such as type II diabetes. Pereira et al (2005) did a study examining the links between fast food habits, weigh t gain and insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is important because it is an early indicator of type II diabetes, and therefore any sign of increased insulin resistance can be considered a health risk. There was found to be a strong link between fast food eating and a resistance to insulin, particularly because many of the foods have a high level of sugar and carbohydrates. This is what makes the foods more appealing and taste nice, but consuming sugar in high levels can lead to obesity and type II diabetes in later life. In this sense, eating a lot of fast foods is definitely bad for your health. Another major concern with fast food is that they contain some additives, not all of which have been fully tested

Ethical problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethical problem - Essay Example The action of the managers to hide some information to the shareholders is unethical. This is because, ethical behavior requires that any decision reached by the management should be a truthful one, and thus any action that is mean to hide the truth from the shareholders is unethical (Frederic, 17). This type of conflict falls under the category of conflict referred to as Normative ethics, in a subset referred to as professional ethics, which requires that the professional conduct of individuals within an certain professions should act in accordance with set standards of right and wrong, and the deviation from such conduct eventually creates an ethical conflict (Weiss, 41). The classification of this ethical conflict under the Normative ethics category is informed by the fact that Normative ethics apply a practical approach towards arriving at an ethical decision, which has to do with the duties that individuals should follow and the implication of behaviors of an individual on other s (Frederic, 31). Explaining the conflict can happen in the corporation Normative ethics conflict can happen in organizations due to conflicts of interests, where the interests of the professionals tend to compete with the obligations and responsibilities of the professional (Weiss, 72). The managers can hide information from the shareholders, so that they can favor their interests at the expense of the interests of the shareholders, considering that he interest of the shareholders and those of the management are always conflicting (Frederic, 22). Therefore, the managers can hide a potential investment venture to the stakeholders, which would have long-term benefits for the shareholders through enhancing organizational growth, and prefer to pursue short-term investments that will result to short term benefits for the shareholders, to avoid taking risks, while also trying to make a name amongst their peers and other corporate commentators, who evaluates organizations on the basis of their short term revenues and performances (Weiss, 49). Further, the managers might hide the long-term benefits of an investment from the shareholders, and instead pursue short-term investments, so that they can increase the revenues in the short-term and benefit from salary increments and promotions, at the expense of pursuing investments that may have no revenue benefits in the present, but will yield more benefits and revenues for the shareholders in the future, such as investment in Research & Development (Frederic, 44). The effect of this conflict on the stakeholders This conflict has an adverse effect on the shareholders, since it works towards making the shareholders lose their future value of investment, while the managers are the ones who benefit from the conflict, through financial gains and promotions. Another effect of the conflict on the stakeholders is that; it erodes the trust that the stakeholders had on the managers, since the existence of such a conflict shows that the managers are not favoring the

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay Example for Free

Report on Multi User Operating Systems Essay Resources Sharing Concepts of Resource Sharing A multi user operating system can support more that one user at a time, this means that multiple users can share the same system resources simultaneously. The users of a multi user operating system can share both hardware and software resources, the operating system carries out complicated routines to manage all the processes that the users are running. List of shared resources: * Hardware CPU Power, RAM, Hard drive, Peripherals (printer, Scanner, CD ROM) Other peripherals may be made available in a MUOS for users who require them (Floppy disk drive, Speakers, Head Phones, Video Cameras etc. ) * Software Scheduler Software (needed to manage and prioritise tasks). Batch Job Some processes take a long time to complete and can often disturb other computer tasks that are important. A Batch Job is a file that does not require any user interaction, so it is set up to run a number of processes at a later time, often late at night. One example is overnight maintenance at a bank when they update all the accounts so it will not disrupt the other processes during the day. Multi-Tasking Concepts of multi-tasking Multi tasking is when the operating system switches between tasks at a very high speed, it can sometimes seem as though it is performing more than one task at a time. For example, a user could be printing and typing at the same time, and listening to a CD. Many users can access the same resources at (what appears to be) the same time. One disadvantage of this is that it requires a great deal of memory and the processes may run slower. The two types of multi-tasking are co-operative and pre-emptive: * Pre-emptive This is when the applications are forced to give up the CPU after a certain length of time so that the other processes get an equal share of CPU time. (time-sliced). * Co-operative multi-tasking is when it is the current running tasks responsibility to share the CPU to the other processes. One task must finish before the other starts. It is called Co-operative because all the tasks must co-operate for this type of processing to work and there is no time limit on each task. (Round Robin). Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage of Pre-emptive multi-tasking is that some important tasks may be allocated a more time slices so it will not be stalled by other smaller tasks. A disadvantage of both types of multi-tasking is that it requires a large amount of memory to work properly. Background Processing Concepts of background / foreground processing When a task will require a long time to process and requires no user input e.g. downloading a large file from the internet, it can be processed later when the computer is not processing other tasks. Background processing is often used in banks and businesses to process the customers accounts at the end of each day, the operating system can be left to run the process overnight or when the CPU is not currently being used by a task that requires a great deal of processing. Unix command to run background processing Control-Z = Leave process running in background bg = Continue process at background Control-C = move foreground process to background Fg = move the process to foreground Example of a background process If you need to run a large print job, e.g. printing out one hundred copies of a Workbook for a group of students, it can be set as a background process and will only use CPU power when other tasks are not running. Types of Multi-User Operating System Multi-Processor More than one CPU Multi user operating systems can sometimes have more that one processor. In some expensive operating systems it is possible to connect more CPUs to the system and have them work together to execute tasks. Multiprocessing can significantly reduce the time taken to execute each process. An operating system with multiple processors can perform different tasks separately or a task can be split up and processed by different CPUs. Advantages / Disadvantages An advantage is that multi processing systems can be very speedy at completing tasks. A disadvantage is that this type of system is very expensive. Time-Sliced As multi user operating systems share resources, different processes can require different amounts of time. It is possible and to interrupt a large process so that a smaller process to be completed. If you were using a time slicing system then the processor will switch between processes at timed intervals (Pre-emptive). The amount of time allocated to each process is called a time slice. The length of time given for each time-slice is allocated by a program called a scheduler. An advantage is that larger or more important processes may be given more time slices than a smaller task so it can be completed, however this could also be a disadvantage if there are many users executing smaller tasks as they will take longer to be finished. Distributed The distributed system is where a number of systems are connected through a Local Area Network. This can be more powerful than a single processor system and it is capable of online sharing. Hardware Components Processor The CPU is the brain of the operating system. It responds to and processes and instructions that control the computer. The control unit in a CPU controls everything which happens within, the ALU does calculations and is responsible for decision making and the accumulator stores the last data that was decoded for future processes. There are various registers within the CPU, they are the instruction register, which holds the instruction that is being decoded, the program counter stores what part of the program we have reached, the memory address register points to the location where data is being fetched or written and the memory data register is a storage area for data that is currently being transferred between the memory and the CPU. The Fetch-Decode-Execute Cycle has three important stages. * FETCH The CPU collects an instruction from the RAM * DECODE The control unit figures out what to do with it. * EXECUTE The instruction is carried out The speed of an FDE cycle depends on how fast the processor is (the length of time it takes for the signals to be sent to the control bus, and how many T-cycles each assembly instruction takes to execute. Memory Random Access Memory is sometimes known as main memory. RAM is volatile, which means it loses all the stored information when the power is cut off. Some computers also use virtual memory, which is stored in the hard drive but acts like RAM, this is much slower than physical memory. Another type of memory is Read Only Memory (ROM) which can be written to but cannot be erased. Data Storage Devices Floppy disk can be written to and erased, 1.44Mb CD ROM Can be written to but not erased, 700Mb Hard Drive stores many Gigabytes, can be written to and erased Zip Drive can be written to and erased, 100 250Mb Terminals Dumb Terminal A dumb terminal has no processing capabilities as they have no memory or processor of their own, it has only a monitor, keyboard and mouse. They are connected to a central processor. Intelligent Terminal An intelligent terminal contains memory and a CPU and is a standalone device. It only has to connect to the central processor when needed. Command to find terminal type terminfo Input / Output Devices Dumb Terminal Input keyboard and mouse. Output monitor Intelligent Terminal Input keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch screen. Output monitor, printer, speakers Software Components Kernel The Kernel is the heart of the operating system, the lowest level or the central part. Communication with the hardware is through the kernel. In multi user operating systems it is the kernels job to keep each process and user separate and to organize access to the system hardware, including CPU, memory, disk and other I/O devices. Device Handlers A device is any piece if hardware that is used in an operating system. A device handler is a piece of software within the operating system that communicates with the devices and tells them what to do. This is part of the operating system that is responsible for servicing requests of the device request queue. Spoolers (Simultaneous peripheral operations on-line) Spooling is used when data is waiting to go to an output device after it has been processed. The data is placed into a queue so that the CPU can process something else instead of having to slow down to the speed of the output device. Spoolers are used on mainly old devices e.g. old printers that can only handle one job at a time User Interface This is how the user can view the data within the operating system. The main types of user interfaces are; the graphical user interface e.g. Windows and Command driven interface e.g. MS DOS and standard UNIX. The CDI was more complicated to use than a GUI as you would have to know certain commands to do very basic tasks. Bibliography Index http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/operating-system1.htm http://physinfo.ulb.ac.be/cit_courseware/opsys/ostart.htm http://www.canberra.edu.au/~sam/whp/unix-cmd.html http://cm.bell-labs.com/

Abandoning the Constitution in the Fight Against Terrorism Essay

Abandoning the Constitution in the Fight Against Terrorism    During his terms as governor of Texas, George W. Bush made it clear that he was ignorant of the Constitution by denying due process to the people he executed and refusing effective counsel to indigent inmates.   As president, Bush, terrorized by terrorists, is abandoning more and more of the fundamental rights and liberties that he-and his subordinates-assure us they are fighting to preserve. On Thursday, November 15, William Safire-The New York Times' constitutional conservative-distilled Bush's new raid on the Constitution: "Misadvised by a frustrated and panic-stricken attorney general, a president of the United States has just assumed what amounts to dictatorial power to jail or execute aliens. . . . We are letting George W. Bush get away with the replacement of the American rule of law with military kangaroo courts. . . . In an Orwellian twist, Bush's order calls this Soviet-style abomination 'a full and fair trial.' " What Bush has done by executive order-bypassing Congress and the constitutional separation of powers-is to establish special military tribunals to try noncitizens suspected of terrorism. Their authority will extend over permanent noncitizen American residents, lawfully living in the United States, as well as foreigners. The trials will be held here or in other countries-like Pakistan or "liberated" Afghanistan-and on ships at sea. The trials will be in secret. There will be no juries. Panels of military officers will be the judges-with the power to impose the death penalty if two-thirds of these uniformed judges agree. There will be no appeals to any of the sentences. (Even in regular court martials, judges must rule unanimous... ... Supreme Court (Olmstead v. United States, 1928), foreshadowed the advent of George W. Bush: "Our Government is the potent, the omnipresent teacher. For good or ill, it teaches the whole people by its example. Crime is contagious. If the Government becomes a lawbreaker, it breeds contempt for law; it invites every man to become a law unto himself; it invites anarchy. . . . To declare that in the administration of the criminal law, the end justifies the means . . . would bring terrible retribution. Against this pernicious doctrine this Court should resolutely set its face." In 1928, the Supreme Court agreed with the government's subversion of the Fourth Amendment's privacy protections-setting the initial stage for the current vast expansion of electronic surveillance by the Bush administration-and not only over suspected terrorists. The Court has another